What Is Oxycodone? Uses, Strengths, How It Works

What is oxycodone?

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic derived from codeine. First synthesized in the early 20th century, it has been used worldwide for over a hundred years to manage moderate to severe pain. It is structurally similar to codeine but is generally considered to be more potent on a milligram-for-milligram basis.

How oxycodone works

Oxycodone binds to mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. By activating these receptors, it changes how the brain and spinal cord perceive and respond to pain signals. The result is reduced perception of pain and, at higher doses, sedation and reduced anxiety related to pain.

Medical uses

• Pain management: moderate to severe pain not relieved by non-opioid analgesics such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
• Post-operative pain: short-term relief after surgical procedures.
• Chronic pain: longer-term management when prescribed and supervised by a clinician.
• Cough suppression: in some regions oxycodone is used as an antitussive for persistent dry cough.

Common strengths and forms

Oxycodone is most commonly available as 30 mg immediate-release tablets. Modified-release (slow-release) formulations of 60 mg, 90 mg, and 120 mg are available in some regions for managing chronic pain. Liquid formulations also exist for patients who cannot swallow tablets.

How oxycodone compares to codeine

Oxycodone and codeine are closely related. Oxycodone is generally considered to provide stronger analgesia than codeine at equivalent doses and is often prescribed when codeine is insufficient. Side-effect profiles are broadly similar.

Important safety information

Oxycodone is an opioid and carries the risks common to all opioids: respiratory depression, dependence, tolerance, and constipation. It should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest time necessary, and only under appropriate medical guidance. Combining with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants is dangerous.